Nikolei Berdiaev

Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948) was a Russian philosopher, theologian, and Christian existentialist who began as a Marxist activist, was exiled by the Tsarist regime, rejected Bolshevism, and was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1922. He settled in Paris, founded the Academy of the Philosophy of Religion, and edited the journal 'Put,' critiquing Russian communism while authoring key works on freedom, the human person, and spirituality. Influenced by Dostoevsky and Orthodox Christianity, he emphasized human freedom and creativity against materialist determinism.[1][2][5]